广西百色云耳野生菌株的遗传多样性分析

[目的]分析广西百色云耳野生菌株的遗传多样性,为其种质资源的保护及开发利用提供参考.[方法]从广西百色地区采集23个云耳野生菌株,进行人工栽培,期间观察测定其农艺性状;采用酯酶同工酶技术分析不同云耳菌株的酯酶同工酶酶谱多态性,并进行聚类分析.[结果]在23个云耳野生菌株中,子实体朵形为单生的菌株有16个、簇生的7个;耳片边缘平滑的菌株13个,波浪状的菌株10个;耳片背面筋道脉纹明显或较明显的有15个,不明显或无脉纹的有8个;耳片颜色为浅黄褐色的菌株4个,黄褐色的8个,黑褐色的11个;耳片大小(长×宽)为30.1~51.6 mm×20.5~41.7 mm,厚度0.95~1.44 mm,表明百色云耳的形态特征具有丰富的多样性;原基形成时间26~59 d,杂菌感染率0~51.1%,耳片干湿比10.1~14.1,第一潮产量8.2%~50.5%,表明不同菌株的原基形成时间、抗杂性、干湿比和产量等方面也具有丰富的多样性.23个云耳野生菌株共检测到19条谱带,有18种谱带类型,谱带的迁移率(Rf)为16.6~88.6,分布频率为4.3%~100.0%,其中有3条带是百色云耳酯酶同工酶的特征谱带.23个云耳野生菌株的遗传相似系数为0.68~1.00,在遗传相似系数为0.68时,可分为两大类群,其中大部分菌株的聚类结果与其地理位置吻合.[结论]广西百色云耳野生菌株具有丰富的遗传多样性,蕴含着较多的优异遗传性状,具有较大的开发利用潜力.     

基于dnaJ基因的弧菌PCR检测方法

[目的]建立一种能扩增dnaJ基因全长的PCR检测方法,为弧菌的快速筛查及种类鉴定提供技术支持.[方法]以弧菌dnaJ基因为靶基因,在其首尾的保守区域设计一对简并引物,经优化退火温度和引物浓度,建立能扩增弧菌接近全长dnaJ基因的PCR检测方法,并通过特异性试验、灵敏度试验和临床应用评价等验证其适用性.[结果]优化后的PCR反应体系50.0 μL:2×F8 FastLong PCR MasterMix 25.0 μL,上、下游引物(20 μmol/L)各2.0 μL,DNA模板5.0 μL,灭菌水补足至50.0 μL.扩增程序:94℃预变性3 min;94℃ 10 s,55℃ 15 s,72℃ 15 s,进行35个循环;最后72℃延伸5 min.该PCR检测方法对副溶血弧菌、哈氏弧菌、创伤弧菌、河流弧菌、溶藻弧菌、拟态弧菌、霍乱弧菌和栖黑海弧菌等8种弧菌属细菌具有很强的特异性,对弧菌的最低检出限为102CFU/mL.应用建立的PCR检测方法对51株分离自海水样品的弧菌和32株分离自对虾样品的弧菌进行检测,结果显示全部为阳性,其中,海水样品中包括有副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌、创伤弧菌、河流弧菌、哈氏弧菌和栖黑海弧菌,对虾样品中包括副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌、创伤弧菌、河流弧菌和哈氏弧菌;经测序及同源性比对分析发现,种间菌株的dnaJ基因序列相似度为79.5%~92.8%,种内菌株间的dnaJ基因序列相似度为98.2%~99.9%.[结论]基于dnaJ基因建立的弧菌PCR检测方法能扩增出弧菌接近全长dnaJ基因,具有快速便捷、灵敏准确、适应性好等优点,结合测序技术,可为弧菌快速筛查及种类鉴定提供更全面和更准确的技术手段.     

杀菌剂对火龙果溃疡病的室内毒力和田间防效

[目的]明确吡唑醚菌酯等杀菌剂对火龙果溃疡病的室内抑菌活性和田间防效,为火龙果溃疡病综合防控提供科学依据.[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定吡唑醚菌酯等5种杀菌剂对火龙果溃疡病菌菌丝生长的室内抑菌活性;利用田间植株喷雾法评价250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油125.0、166.7和250.0 mg/kg,250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂250.0 mg/kg,430 g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂215.0 mg/kg,10%己唑醇悬浮剂60.0 mg/kg和400 g/L氟硅唑乳油133.3 mg/kg对火龙果溃疡病的田间防治效果.[结果]室内毒力测定结果表明,己唑醇、戊唑醇、氟硅唑和吡唑醚菌酯对火龙果溃疡病菌菌丝生长均有较好的抑制作用,抑制中浓度(EC50)分别为0.0749、0.2325、0.5277和1.8572μg/mL,而嘧菌酯的抑制作用稍弱,EC50为18.5655μg/mL.田间小区防治试验结果证明,250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油对火龙果溃疡病有很好的防效,施药3次后,250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油125.0、166.7和250.0 mg/kg对茎溃疡病的防效分别在60.0%、70.0%和80.0%以上,对果实溃疡病的防效分别在65.0%、75.0%和85.0%以上.250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂250.0 mg/kg和430 g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂215.0 mg/kg对火龙果溃疡病也有较好的防效,分别与250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油166.7和125.0 mg/kg的防效相当.10%己唑醇悬浮剂60.0 mg/kg和400 g/L氟硅唑乳油133.3 mg/kg的田间防效较差.[结论]吡唑醚菌酯、嘧菌酯和戊唑醇对火龙果溃疡病均具有良好的防效,可作为防治火龙果溃疡病的药剂在生产上推广应用.     

小鼠TLR3基因双敲除打靶载体构建及巨噬细胞RAW264.7TLR3-/-细胞系的建立

[目的]建立Toll样受体3(TLR3)基因缺失的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞系,为探索狂犬病毒感染机体过程中TLR3在固有免疫反应中的作用机制提供理论依据.[方法]采用Golden Gate Kit试剂盒组装转录激活样效应因子核酸酶(TALEN)打靶载体pTALEN-TLR3,经酶切和测序验证其连接正确后,通过脂质体瞬时转染RAW264.7细胞,转染后提取细胞DNA,用T7核酸内切酶酶切验证TALEN质粒剪切活性.[结果]TALENs左右臂分两部分连接,首先完成A、B部分的各自连接,然后分别将T1LA与T1LB、T1RA与T1RB、T2LA与T2LB、T2RA与T2RB连接,TALEN模块经过两次连接后的PCR鉴定结果显示,T1L、T1R和T2L的4个克隆均呈阳性,T2R有3个克隆呈阳性.T2L和T2R质粒共转染RAW264.7细胞后提取DNA为模板,经PCR扩增后用T7核酸内切酶进行酶切,酶切后的DNA电泳结果显示TALEN2剪切活性较强,共获得3条条带(931、555和376 bp).TALEN打靶载体pTALEN-TLR3转染RAW264.7细胞24 h后用胰酶进行消化,并加入800μg/mL G418进行筛选,7 d后获得细胞单克隆;挑选阳性细胞克隆进行T7核酸内切酶酶切鉴定及测序,结果发现4-1和4-40号细胞克隆为双敲细胞系,均缺失7 bp的核苷酸碱基,为非3整数倍碱基缺失,可造成后续基因移码突变,使细胞基因功能失活.[结论]通过TALEN技术可成功构建TLR3基因双敲除的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7TLR3-/-细胞系,且可用于狂犬病毒感染细胞后细胞因子和TLR3间的关系研究.     

饲料中添加木聚糖酶对刺参幼参生长、消化和体腔液酶活力的影响

为探讨木聚糖酶添加量对刺参Apostichopus japonicus生长、体成分、消化酶和体腔液酶活力的影响,在饲料中添加不同水平(0、0.03%、0.06%、0.09%、0.12%和0.24%)的木聚糖酶制成6种等氮等能试验饲料,试验设6组,每组设3个平行,每个平行放体质量为(7.73±0.09)g的幼参50头,分别用6种饲料进行投喂,共进行56 d养殖试验。结果表明:饲料中添加木聚糖酶显著提高了幼参增重率和特定生长率(P0.05),且0.09%木聚糖酶添加组显著高于其他各组(P0.05),各添加组增重率与对照组相比均显著提高(P0.05);木聚糖酶添加组幼参体壁粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),0.06%~0.24%木聚糖酶添加组幼参粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);0.06%~0.12%木聚糖酶添加组肠道蛋白酶活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),0.24%添加组淀粉酶活力显著高于其他各组(P0.05);幼参体腔液中溶菌酶、过氧化氢酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力均随木聚糖酶添加量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,0.06%~0.12%添加组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,饲料中添加木聚糖酶可显著提高刺参生长、体成分、消化酶和体腔液酶活力,以增重率为评价指标,折线回归分析得出,对平均体质量为(7.73±0.09)g的刺参,其饲料中木聚糖酶最适添加量为900 mg/kg。     

2011~2016年广西罗非鱼源无乳链球菌的耐药谱型分析

[目的]了解广西罗非鱼源无乳链球菌耐药谱的变迁规律,为罗非鱼无乳链球菌病的有效防控和科学用药提供参考.[方法]采用K-B纸片扩散法对分离自广西南宁、玉林、柳州、河池、北海和百色等市养殖患病罗非鱼的48株无乳链球菌株进行抗生素耐药性分析;并以抗生素的抑菌圈直径为变量,采用SPSS 18.0对无乳链球菌株进行聚类分析,以平方Euclidean距离表示菌株间的耐药性同类关系.[结果]48株广西罗非鱼源无乳链球菌的耐药谱型共有19种,谱型丰富度为39.6%.所有耐药谱型均为多重耐药谱型,耐药种数至少有3种.从采样地点来看,南宁市、玉林市、柳州市、河池市、北海市和百色市的分离株分别包含5、9、8、2、1和2种耐药谱型.2011~2016年各年份的菌株耐药谱型为:2011年10种(A、B、F、J、K、N、O、P、Q和S耐药谱型),2012年4种(B、H、N和S耐药谱型),2013年2种(L和M耐药谱型),2014年3种(B、D和S耐药谱型),2015年9种(B、C、D、E、G、H、J、R和S耐药谱型),2016年3种(B、I和J耐药谱型).聚类分析将48株广西罗非鱼源无乳链球菌分成2个组群(Group I和Group II)和6个亚群(i~vi),其中Group I和Group II组群均含有11种耐药谱型,耐药谱型丰富度分别为37.9%和57.9%;Group I和Group II两组群无乳链球菌株的抗生素敏感性差异主要取决于其对恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考和环丙沙星的敏感率或耐药率.[结论]2011~2016年广西罗非鱼源无乳链球菌的耐药谱型呈多样性,谱型丰富度较高,且因来源地不同和年际变化存在一定差异性.此外,通过聚类分析可根据无乳链球菌的耐药情况对其进行有效分型,建议作为无乳链球菌流行病学分型方法给予推广应用.     

响应面优化南极磷虾虾青素的复合酶法提取工艺研究

为加大对南极磷虾Euphausia superba高附加值产品的开发,提高南极磷虾资源的综合利用率,以冷冻南极磷虾为原料,采用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶复合酶解方法,以无水乙醇为提取剂提取虾青素,在单因素试验的基础上,以虾青素提取率为响应值,利用响应面优化设计,研究了虾青素的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:通过单因素试验筛选出酶底比、酶解时间和酶解温度为影响虾青素提取率的主要因素,优化得出最佳工艺条件为酶底比1.6%(Alcalase碱性蛋白酶与木瓜蛋白酶比例为3∶2)、酶解时间2.1h、酶解温度51℃、水料比(m L∶g)4∶1、无水乙醇料液比(g∶m L)1∶4、振荡时间10 min,在此优化条件下虾青素提取率为90.42%±0.39%,与模型理论值接近。研究表明,采用双酶复合酶解法能显著提高南极磷虾虾青素的提取效率,可为南极磷虾虾青素的制备提供技术支持。     

Effects of planting methods on yield and quality of different types of japonica rice in northern Jiangsu plain,China

Mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings (MC) and mechanical direct seeding (MD) are newly developed planting methods, which increase in popularity and planted area each year. Knowing the difference for yield and rice quality under different planting methods is of great importance for the development of high quality and yield cultivation techniques under mechanical conditions. Therefore, three kinds of japonica rice including hybrid japonica rice, inbreed japonica rice, and soft rice were adopted as materials. And the differences in the quality of processing, appearance, cooking and eating quality, nutrition, and the rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA) profile were studied to reveal the effects of planting methods on yield and quality of different types of japonica rice. Results showed that the milled rice and head rice rates under MC was significantly higher than those under MD, and the processing quality of inbreed japonica rice was the most stable. Compared with MC, length/width ratio of rice under MD was significantly increased, and chalkiness rate, size, and degree were significantly decreased. The protein content under MD was lower than that under MC. MC showed higher peak viscosity and breakdown value than MD. The taste value was the greatest for soft rice, followed by inbreed japonica rice, and then by japonica hybrid rice, with no significant differences resulting from planting methods. Compared with MC, MD significantly improved the appearance quality, though processing quality and nutritional quality were decreased. And there was no significant difference in cooking and eating quality between MC and MD. Under different planting methods, the appearance quality of inbreed japonica rice changed the most and the processing quality was the most stable. The nutritional, cooking and eating quality of soft rice changed the least. Therefore, according to the different planting methods and market needs, selecting the appropriate rice varieties can reduce the risks in rice production and achieve good rice quality.     

Potato yield gaps across the rainfed Yin-mountain Hilly Area of China

Yin-mountain Hilly Area is one of the ideal regions for potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in China. However, potato yield is severely limited as a result of rain-fed crop mode due to water deficiency, as well as an inadequate farming practices. In this study, yield gaps were determined by using attainable yield (Ya) as a benchmark under optimized management practices, i.e., micro-ridge and side planting with plastic-mulching (MS), and flat planting with plastic-mulching (PM). The yields under MS and PM modes are defined as Ya1 and Ya2, respectively. Under the same field with MS and PM modes but different densities and fertilizer usages and so on, it was defined as simulated farmers' practices. The yield of simulated farmers' practices (Yf1) reached 57.3 and 69.6% of Ya1 and Ya2, respectively, while the average yield of 298 randomly surveyed farmers (Yf2) reached only 37.0 and 47.8% of Ya1 and Ya2 for rain-fed potato, respectively. The gaps of water use efficiency exhibited similar pattern. Further analysis shows that improper measures in rainwater conservation and accumulation, and other management practices contributed to 18.5, 18.2, and 42.6% of yield gap between Ya1 and Yf2. Improper nutrition management, including overuse of nitrogen and the deficiency of phosphorus and potassium supplication, was one of the important reasons of yield gap. The results indicate the possibilities of increasing rain-fed potato yields by optimized water and fertilizer managements in the Yin-mountain Hilly Area.     

重庆大茶树“三新种”及其分类学意义

2017年在对重庆万州、酉阳、彭水、武隆、江津、綦江、万盛、南川实地考察中发现三个茶树新种,定名为"古剑山茶"(Camellia gujianshanica Q.J.Liu et Li)、"金佛山茶"(Camellia jinfoshanica Q.J.Liu et Li)及"柏枝山茶"(Camellia baizhishanica Q.J.Liu et Li),本文探讨其植物分类学意义。